---
date: '2024-02-06'
description: atmospheric escape mechanisms including jeans escape, thermal escape, stellar winds, and charge exchange processes.
id: Blackbody Radiation
modified: 2026-06-05 15:08:33 GMT-04:00
tags:
  - astron2e03
title: Blackbody Radiation
created: '2024-02-06'
published: '2024-02-06'
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slug: thoughts/university/twenty-three-twenty-four/astron-2e03/Blackbody-Radiation
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---
### Atmospheric escape

> _non-thermal escape_: A physical process that results in the full or partial loss of a planet’s atmosphere.

**large-scale magnetic fields**

- conductive material
- convective motion
- has kinetic energy

> Mars doesn’t have convective interior, since the core has been cooled off.
>
> radioactive decay within the core

### Stellar winds

continuous flow of _ionized particles_ emitted by the Sun and other stars.

#### Charge exchange

### Thermal escape

#### Jeans escape

Given the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the probability of a particle having a certain velocity is given by:

$$
\left( \frac{dN}{dv} \right)_{m,T} = v^2 \left( \frac{m}{2 \pi k_B T} \right)^{\frac{3}{2}} \exp \left( -\frac{mv^2}{2k_BT} \right)
$$