Anaximander
material cause and first element of things was the unbounded aperion
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earth is cylindrical form, that its depth is as a third part of its breath
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begetting hot and cold was separated off from the eternal at the origin of the world.
The heavenly bodies are wheels of fire separated off from the fire which encircles the world, enclosed with air
Living creatures arose from the moist element as it was evaporated by the sun. Man was like another animal, namely, a fish, in the beginning.
often associated with aperion and infinite as the fundamental of the universe
Human arose from inside of the fish, and become capable of protecting themselves.
Xenophanes
Parmenides
Archaic The questions of the beginning
Originate from the gods?
Natural occurrence of where things from
- Pythagoras
- Scientific
Being is one entities Not being is not known
| Change is not being → not green is
Logic convince changes is not real
Appearance of changes = dilusion
Truth is being → homogeneous changes
Ultimate being is not one →
Materialism
atheist?
Empedocles
Perspective of nature
- configuration of materialism
Elements: Earth, Air, Fire and Water Elemental force: Love and Strifes
real difference upon things
manifestation of these real articles
Democritus
Atomism
Atomic hypothesis → nature is Atoms and Void
- Nature is body and void, nothing else, not purpose or design
- Soul is the body
System of the atom
Atoms of different sizes and shape
Coalesce and accumulate → soul
Soul is the matter of the finest, smallest, matter, coherently all part of the organism
- Primary and secondary qualities
- Primary: atoms are size, shape, and height
- Secondary: molecular combinations include hot/cold, moist/dry
Sweet exists by convention, bitter by convention, colour by convention.
Division comes to a stop when atom → Atom is the least divisible factor
Absolute stopping point for destruction → rearrangement of these atoms are indispensable
If there are gods → they have to have body → no atom is immortal → Gods are immortal.
For Greek, Gods are human are indifferent.